Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions

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Item Type:	Review
Title:	Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions
Creators Name:	Tschöpe, C., Ammirati, E., Bozkurt, B., Caforio, A.L.P., Cooper, L.T., Felix, S.B., Hare, J.M., Heidecker, B., Heymans, S., Hübner, N., Kelle, S., Klingel, K., Maatz, H., Parwani, A.S., Spillmann, F., Starling, R.C., Tsutsui, H., Seferovic, P. and Van Linthout, S.
Abstract:	Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the myocardium and a high risk of deteriorating cardiac function, has a heterogeneous aetiology. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is predominantly mediated by viral infection, but can also be induced by bacterial, protozoal or fungal infections as well as a wide variety of toxic substances and drugs and systemic immune-mediated diseases. Despite extensive research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or arrhythmia is associated with a poor prognosis. At present, the reason why some patients recover without residual myocardial injury whereas others develop dilated cardiomyopathy is unclear. The relative roles of the pathogen, host genomics and environmental factors in disease progression and healing are still under discussion, including which viruses are active inducers and which are only bystanders. As a consequence, treatment strategies are not well established. In this Review, we summarize and evaluate the available evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, with a special focus on virus-induced and virus-associated myocarditis. Furthermore, we identify knowledge gaps, appraise the available experimental models and propose future directions for the field. The current knowledge and open questions regarding the cardiovascular effects associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are also discussed. This Review is the result of scientific cooperation of members of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC, the Heart Failure Society of America and the Japanese Heart Failure Society.
Keywords:	Animal Disease Models, Antiviral Agents, Autoimmunity, Biopsy, COVID-19, Cardiomyopathies, Coronavirus Infections, Coxsackievirus Infections, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Echovirus Infections, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Erythema Infectiosum, HIV Infections, Hepatitis C, Human Influenza, Immunologic Factors, Inflammation, Intravenous Immunoglobulins, Leukocytes, Myocarditis, Myocardium, Prognosis, Roseolovirus Infections, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Translational Medical Research, Ventricular Remodeling, Viral Tropism, Virus Diseases, Animals
Source:	Nature Reviews Cardiology
ISSN:	1759-5002
Publisher:	Nature Publishing Group
Volume:	18
Number:	3
Page Range:	169-193
Date:	March 2021
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
External Fulltext:	View full text on PubMed Central
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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